Research Ramblings: Sparta and Her Two Kings, Part 2

The setting of my work in progress is ancient Sparta, whose people left an indelible mark on Western history. Even their Greek contemporaries thought the Spartans singular in their ways, and thousands of years later, we’re still naming school mascots after them.

For most Americans, the word “Spartan” conjures up images of King Leonidas and his 300 warriors fighting to the bitter death. While this is an iconic moment for Sparta, what makes this ancient city-state unique goes beyond that one battle, which is why learning about it is so fun.

As mentioned in Part 1 on this topic, the Spartans had a dyarchy. So that might beg the question, why? We’ll probably never know for sure, but the Spartans did have an account of the origin of the two royal lines. Herodotus records it in Book 6 of his Histories, and the story goes something like this:

King Aristodemos, who established the Spartan state, had twin sons. After he died, the people were all set to follow custom and crown the older twin king. But they had a problem. The boys were identical, and they couldn’t tell them apart. So they asked the mother, but she said she couldn’t tell either. However, she actually could. According to Herodotus she told the lie because she wanted both twins to be kings if possible.

So what to do?

The Spartans did what all Greeks do when they’re stuck with a dilemma. They went to the Oracle at Delphi. And the Oracle’ answer was: regard both children as kings but give the senior brother greater honor.

o.O

Seriously, if I was one of those Spartans, I’d be yelling at the Oracle, “If we knew that, we wouldn’t be here!”

So the gods weren’t providing any clarity, but fortunately, a clever man from Messenia offered some advice. He suggested they watch the mother carefully to observe the order in which she bathed and fed her children. His reasoning was that if she consistently attended one first that she could tell them apart. On the other hand, if she alternated randomly, she couldn’t tell them apart, and they’d have to try something else.

The Spartans followed his advice. Sure enough the mother (who didn’t know why she was being watched) was consistently bathing and feeding one son first – giving him higher honor, so to speak. So the Spartans finally had their older twin, and for some reason, even though the Oracle wasn’t all that helpful, they felt they should abide by its advice to make both boys kings.

The older boy got named Eurysthenes and established the senior Agiad Royal House (which oddly wasn’t named after him but his son Agis). The younger twin, Procles, established the junior Eurypontid Royal House (named after his descendant Eurypon). And Herodotus notes that even though they were brothers, they disagreed with each other throughout their entire lives, and their descendants pretty much followed in that pattern.

To prove this point, here’s the short version of Herodotus’ account of King Cleomenes and King Demaratus:

King Cleomenes goes out of town to take care of business. While he’s away, his co-king Demaratus badmouths him. King Cleomenes gets ticked off and gets King Demaratus ousted from the Eurypontid throne on the grounds of illegitimacy. Demaratus then skips town to hook up with the Persians. Years later, when Cleomenes’ successor Leonidas and his 300 head off to Thermopylae, Demaratus is at the Persian king’s side offering military advice.

Talk about not getting along…

Research Ramblings: Sparta and Her Two Kings, Part 1

The setting of my work in progress is ancient Sparta, whose people left an indelible mark on Western history. Even their Greek contemporaries thought the Spartans singular in their ways, and thousands of years later, we’re still naming school mascots after them.

For most Americans, the word “Spartan” conjures up images of King Leonidas and his 300 warriors fighting to the bitter death. While this is an iconic moment for Sparta, what makes this ancient city-state unique goes beyond that one battle, which is why learning about it is so fun.

So here’s today’s Spartan fun-fact:

The Spartans had two kings. Not one king. Two.

Technically, Sparta wasn’t a monarchy, which implies a sole ruler. It was a dyarchy. I’d never even heard of this term until I started researching Sparta, but it is an actual word (found it in my Webster’s). Details about her dual kingship can be found in Book 6 of Herodotus’ Histories as well as the all-knowing Wikipedius. And Sparta’s wasn’t the only dyarchy in the world, though it’s one of the better-known ones. For more about dyarchies in general, again Wikipedius has a page on them.

“But wait!” you might protest. “I saw the movie 300, and there was only one king!” All I can say is that, although 300 was based on actual events, it did slather it on in terms of artistic license. And one of the less flashy changes they made was to omit Leonidas’ co-king (whose name by the way was Leotychidas).

So why edit him out? I’ll venture to guess it was because including the other king would dilute the story. And I say that because that’s the case for my work in progress, which depicts Sparta as a monarchy, not a dyarchy.

It didn’t start that way though. As my Keeping It in Canon blog title suggests, I like sticking to the facts so my first draft included both Spartan Royal houses. Unfortunately, historical accuracy didn’t translate into a better narrative. Because most readers aren’t familiar with dyarchies, I needed several paragraphs to explain the concept, paragraphs that didn’t further the plot. In addition, my story deals with on only one of the royal families, and the other royal house didn’t really have a role (other than to keep the story historically accurate).

So my beta readers, who even with the explanations kept getting confused with the dual kingship thing, recommended I drop the second king. I was reluctant to do so, but they proved to be right. The manuscript flows a lot better with that detail edited out.

Still, that doesn’t change the fact that Sparta’s kings came in twos, not ones, and that made for some interesting political dynamics. More about them and their lives next time.